Chapter 3: History — Set 4

Millicent Fawcett led the Suffragists of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, who campaigned peacefully, and Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union, whose members became known as the Suffragettes. Florence Nightingale was famous for reforming the care of wounded soldiers, and Nancy Astor was the first woman MP to take her seat, in 1919 — a politician, not a leader of the votes campaign.

The Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Jutland, the largest naval battle of the war, were both fought in 1916 — tanks were used in battle for the first time at the Somme. The Gallipoli landings took place in 1915, and Passchendaele was fought in 1917.

Irish nationalists seized buildings in Dublin at Easter 1916 and proclaimed an Irish republic. The rising was suppressed within a week, but it transformed Irish politics.

In 1922 the Irish Free State was created as a self-governing dominion. Six mainly Protestant counties remained in the UK as Northern Ireland.

The 1926 General Strike was called in support of coal miners who faced pay cuts and longer working hours. Millions stopped work for nine days, though the strike ended without victory.

Edward VIII gave up the throne because the government and Church would not accept his plan to marry Wallis Simpson, who had been divorced. His brother became George VI.

The Blitz was the sustained German night bombing of London and other British cities in 1940–41, intended to break civilian morale — which it failed to do.

Children were evacuated from cities to rural areas, where they were expected to be safe from bombing. Many were separated from their families for long periods.

William Beveridge's 1942 report attacked the 'five giants' of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness, and became the blueprint for the post-war welfare state.

The Empire Windrush arrived from Jamaica in 1948 carrying several hundred Caribbean migrants, invited to help rebuild post-war Britain — the start of significant Caribbean immigration.

Rationing continued long after the war ended as Britain rebuilt; the last food rationing ended in 1954, fourteen years after it began.

The UK joined the EEC in 1973, after earlier applications had been blocked. Membership was confirmed by a referendum in 1975.

Thatcher led the Conservative Party to victory in the 1979 general election, becoming the UK's first woman Prime Minister; she remained in office until 1990.

Referendums in 1997 led to the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly for Wales. The Irish Free State dated from 1922, and the Northern Ireland Assembly followed the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, not the referendums of 1997.

The 1998 Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement created a power-sharing government in Northern Ireland and largely ended the decades of violence known as the Troubles.

Latin was the language of Roman administration and writing in Britain, and it influenced place names and later the development of English vocabulary.

Londinium was the Romans' trading settlement on the Thames, and Aquae Sulis was the Roman town built around the hot springs at Bath. Jorvik was the Vikings' name for York, many centuries after the Romans, and Skara Brae is a prehistoric village in Orkney, far older than Roman Britain.

Bath was known to the Romans as Aquae Sulis, named after its hot springs, where they built an elaborate bathing complex.

The Antonine Wall was built across the narrow part of Scotland, well north of Hadrian's Wall, after the Roman frontier was pushed further north.

The Emperor Claudius launched the invasion of AD 43, and Roman forces went on to conquer most of Britain over the following decades.

Watling Street, Ermine Street and the Fosse Way were all Roman roads. Offa's Dyke is a later Anglo-Saxon earthwork, not a road at all.

Maiden Castle is a huge Iron Age hillfort, defended by complex rings of earth banks and ditches built long before the Roman invasion.

Offa was king of Mercia, the powerful Midland kingdom, and the dyke that carries his name marked his kingdom's border with the Welsh.

The area of northern and eastern England settled and governed by the Danes was called the Danelaw, because Danish law applied there.